Steel Industry Glossary

Case Hardening (Carburising)
Diffusing carbon into the surface of a low carbon steel at 880-950 °C, then quenching, to produce a hard wear-resistant case over a tough core.
Centreless Grinding
Grinding bar between a driving regulating wheel and a grinding wheel without holding it in centres, producing the roundest and most accurate bright bar available.
Cold Drawing
Pulling hot rolled bar through a hardened die at room temperature to reduce its diameter, remove scale and raise strength by work hardening.
Decarburisation
Loss of carbon from the surface layer of steel during hot rolling or heat treatment, leaving a soft skin that will not harden with the rest of the bar.
Free Cutting Steel
Steel with sulphur, and sometimes lead, added deliberately so that chips break short at the tool tip and machining speeds can be raised.
Jominy Hardenability
The end-quench test that measures how deeply a steel will harden, reported as hardness against distance from the quenched end of a standard bar.
Leaded Steel
Free cutting steel with 0.15-0.35% lead added as fine dispersed particles that lubricate the tool tip and lift cutting speed by roughly a quarter.
Machinability Index
A comparative rating of how readily a steel can be cut, conventionally set at 100% for free cutting AISI 1212 and expressed as a percentage of it.
Peeling & Reeling
Rotary machining that removes the outer skin of a hot rolled bar in one continuous cut, followed by reeling to straighten and burnish it — the standard route for heavy alloy bar.
Residual Stress
Locked-in stress left in a bar by cold drawing or straightening, which redistributes and bows the part when material is removed unevenly.
Straightness
The maximum bow of a bar expressed in millimetres per metre of length, measured as deviation from a straight line over any one metre.
Surface Roughness (Ra)
The arithmetic average roughness of a surface in micrometres — the number specified when a bar is the finished running surface rather than stock to be machined.
Through Hardening
Heating a medium or high carbon steel above its critical temperature and quenching so that hardness is achieved through the full section rather than only at the surface.
Tolerance Class (h8, h9, h10, h11)
The ISO limits that fix how far under nominal a bright bar diameter may sit — h8 being the tightest and h11 the loosest, with the permitted band widening as diameter increases.